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of 1539 by Olaus Magnus, depicting the location of magnetic north vaguely conceived as "Insula Magnetu" (Latin for "Magnetic Island") off modern day Murmansk. The man holding the rune staffs is the Norse hero Starkad.

The Earth's North Magnetic Pole is the wandering point on the Earth's surface at which the Earth's magnetic field points vertically downwards (i.e. the "dip" is 90°). The North Magnetic Pole should not be confused with the lesser known North Geomagnetic Pole, described later in this article.

As of 2005 the North Magnetic Pole lay near Ellesmere Island in northern Canada at . Its southern hemisphere counterpart is the South Magnetic Pole. Because the Earth's magnetic field is not exactly symmetrical, the North and South Magnetic Poles are not wiktionary:antipodal (from antipodes): a line drawn from one to the other does not pass through the centre of the Earth (it actually misses by about 530 km).

Polarity In physics, all magnets have two poles that are distinguished by the direction of the magnetic flux. In principle these poles could be labelled in any way; for example, as "+" and "−", or "A" and "B". However, based on the early use of magnets in compasses they were named the "north pole" and the "south pole", with the north pole being the pole that pointed north. When it was later understood that opposite poles attract, a terminological dilemma arose: the Earth's North Magnetic Pole and the pole of the magnet that was attracted to it could not have the same polarity. By convention, the "north pole" of a magnet remained defined as the one attracted to the Earth's North Magnetic Pole,http://www.kjmagnetics.com/glossary.asp K&J Magnetics, glossary and by this definition the Earth's North Magnetic Pole is physically a magnetic south pole. Conversely, the Earth's South Magnetic Pole is physically a magnetic north pole.

History In early times European navigators believed that compass needles were attracted either to a "magnetic mountain" or "magnetic island" somewhere in the far north, or to the Pole Star. The idea that the Earth acts as a giant magnet was first proposed in 1600 by Sir William Gilbert, a courtier of Elizabeth I of England. He was also the first to define the North Magnetic Pole as the point where the Earth's magnetic field points vertically downwards. This is the definition used today, though it would take several hundred years before the nature of the Earth's magnetic field was properly understood. Early Concept of the North Magnetic Pole, Natural Resources Canada, retrieved June 2007

Expeditions and measurements The first expedition to reach the North Magnetic Pole was led by James Clark Ross, who found it at Cape Adelaide on the Boothia Peninsula on June 1, 1831. Roald Amundsen found the North Magnetic Pole in a slightly different location in 1903. The third observation was by Canada government scientists Paul Serson and Jack Clark, of the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory, who found the pole at Allen Lake on Prince of Wales Island, Nunavut. History of Expeditions to the North Magnetic Pole, Natural Resources Canada

The Canadian government has made several measurements since, which show that the North Magnetic Pole is continually moving northwest. In 1996 an expedition certified its location by magnetometer and theodolite at . 1996 Certified Position of the Magnetic North Pole, Jock Wishart, Polar Race organiser Its estimated 2005 position was , to the west of Ellesmere Island, the biggest of the Queen Elizabeth Islands, in Canada. Geomagnetism – North Magnetic Pole, Natural Resources Canada, retrieved May 2007 During the 20th century it has moved 1100 km, and since 1970 its rate of motion has accelerated from 9 km/year to 41 km/year (2001–2003 average; see also Polar drift). If it maintained its present speed and direction it would reach Siberia in about 50 years, but it is expected to veer from its present course and slow down.

This movement is on top of a daily or diurnal variation in which the North Magnetic Pole describes a rough ellipse, with a maximum deviation of 80 km from its mean position. Geomagnetism — Daily Movement of the North Magnetic Pole, Natural Resources Canada This effect is due to disturbances of the geomagnetic field by charged particles from the Sun.

{] takes place between Resolute Bay northern Canada and the 1996-certified location of the North Magnetic Pole at . On 25 July 2007, a Top Gear (current format) Polar Challenge Special was aired on BBC Two in the United Kingdom, in which two of the presenters became the first people in history to reach this location in an automobile.http://www.topgear.com/content/news/stories/2067/

Magnetic North and Magnetic Declination Main article: Magnetic declination. See also: Earth's magnetic field The direction in which a compass needle points is known as magnetic north. In general, this is not exactly the direction of the North Magnetic Pole (or of any other consistent location). Instead, the compass aligns itself to the local geomagnetic field, which varies in a complex manner over the Earth's surface, as well as over time. The angular difference between magnetic north and true north (defined in reference to the Geographic North Pole), at any particular location on the Earth's surface, is called the magnetic declination. Most map coordinate systems are based on true north, and magnetic declination is often shown on map legends so that the direction of true north can be determined from north as indicated by a compass.

Magnetic declination has been measured in many countries, including the U.S. The line of zero declination in the U.S. runs from the North Magnetic Pole through Lake Superior and across the western panhandle of Florida. Along this line, true north is the same as magnetic north. West of the line of zero declination, a compass will give a reading that is east of true north. Conversely, east of the line of zero declination, a compass reading will be west of true north.

Magnetic declination is still very important for certain types of navigation that have traditionally made heavy use of the magnetic compass; see the main article (Magnetic declination) for details.

North Geomagnetic Pole As a Orders of approximation, the Earth's magnetic field can be modelled as a simple dipole (like a bar magnet), tilted about 11° with respect to the Earth's rotation axis and centered at the Earth's centre. The residuals form the wiktionary:nondipole field. The North and South Geomagnetic Poles are the wiktionary:antipodal points where the axis of this theoretical dipole intersects the Earth's surface. If the Earth's magnetic field were a perfect dipole then the field lines would be vertical at the Geomagnetic Poles, and they would therefore coincide with the Magnetic Poles. However, the approximation is in fact far from perfect, so in reality the Magnetic and Geomagnetic Poles lie some distance apart.

Like the North Magnetic Pole, the North Geomagnetic Pole attracts the north pole of a bar magnet and so is in a physical sense actually a south magnetic pole. It is the centre of the region of the magnetosphere in which the Aurora Borealis can be seen. As of 2005 it was located at approximately , off the northwest coast of Greenland, Geomagnetic Field FAQ, National Geophysical Data Center website, retrieved May 2007 but it is now drifting away from North America and toward Siberia.

Geomagnetic reversal Over geological timescales, the orientation of Earth's magnetic field (and that of other planets) can flip over, so that magnetic north becomes magnetic south and vice versa – an event known as a geomagnetic reversal. The Earth's magnetic field has done this repeatedly throughout history. It is thought that reversals occur when the circulation of liquid nickel/iron in the Earth's outer core is disrupted and then reestablishes itself in the opposite direction. It is not known what causes these disruptions. Evidence of geomagnetic reversals can be seen at mid-ocean ridges where tectonic plates move apart and the sea bed is filled in with magma. As the magma seeps out of the Mantle (geology) the magnetic particles contained within it are oriented in the direction of the magnetic field at the time.

References

See also

External links

ru:Северный магнитный полюс

of 1539 by Olaus Magnus, depicting the location of magnetic north vaguely conceived as "Insula Magnetu" (Latin for "Magnetic Island") off modern day Murmansk. The man holding the rune staffs is the Norse hero Starkad.

The Earth's North Magnetic Pole is the wandering point on the Earth's surface at which the Earth's magnetic field points vertically downwards (i.e. the "dip" is 90°). The North Magnetic Pole should not be confused with the lesser known North Geomagnetic Pole, described later in this article.

As of 2005 the North Magnetic Pole lay near Ellesmere Island in northern Canada at . Its southern hemisphere counterpart is the South Magnetic Pole. Because the Earth's magnetic field is not exactly symmetrical, the North and South Magnetic Poles are not wiktionary:antipodal (from antipodes): a line drawn from one to the other does not pass through the centre of the Earth (it actually misses by about 530 km).

Polarity In physics, all magnets have two poles that are distinguished by the direction of the magnetic flux. In principle these poles could be labelled in any way; for example, as "+" and "−", or "A" and "B". However, based on the early use of magnets in compasses they were named the "north pole" and the "south pole", with the north pole being the pole that pointed north. When it was later understood that opposite poles attract, a terminological dilemma arose: the Earth's North Magnetic Pole and the pole of the magnet that was attracted to it could not have the same polarity. By convention, the "north pole" of a magnet remained defined as the one attracted to the Earth's North Magnetic Pole,http://www.kjmagnetics.com/glossary.asp K&J Magnetics, glossary and by this definition the Earth's North Magnetic Pole is physically a magnetic south pole. Conversely, the Earth's South Magnetic Pole is physically a magnetic north pole.

History In early times European navigators believed that compass needles were attracted either to a "magnetic mountain" or "magnetic island" somewhere in the far north, or to the Pole Star. The idea that the Earth acts as a giant magnet was first proposed in 1600 by Sir William Gilbert, a courtier of Elizabeth I of England. He was also the first to define the North Magnetic Pole as the point where the Earth's magnetic field points vertically downwards. This is the definition used today, though it would take several hundred years before the nature of the Earth's magnetic field was properly understood. Early Concept of the North Magnetic Pole, Natural Resources Canada, retrieved June 2007

Expeditions and measurements The first expedition to reach the North Magnetic Pole was led by James Clark Ross, who found it at Cape Adelaide on the Boothia Peninsula on June 1, 1831. Roald Amundsen found the North Magnetic Pole in a slightly different location in 1903. The third observation was by Canada government scientists Paul Serson and Jack Clark, of the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory, who found the pole at Allen Lake on Prince of Wales Island, Nunavut. History of Expeditions to the North Magnetic Pole, Natural Resources Canada

The Canadian government has made several measurements since, which show that the North Magnetic Pole is continually moving northwest. In 1996 an expedition certified its location by magnetometer and theodolite at . 1996 Certified Position of the Magnetic North Pole, Jock Wishart, Polar Race organiser Its estimated 2005 position was , to the west of Ellesmere Island, the biggest of the Queen Elizabeth Islands, in Canada. Geomagnetism – North Magnetic Pole, Natural Resources Canada, retrieved May 2007 During the 20th century it has moved 1100 km, and since 1970 its rate of motion has accelerated from 9 km/year to 41 km/year (2001–2003 average; see also Polar drift). If it maintained its present speed and direction it would reach Siberia in about 50 years, but it is expected to veer from its present course and slow down.

This movement is on top of a daily or diurnal variation in which the North Magnetic Pole describes a rough ellipse, with a maximum deviation of 80 km from its mean position. Geomagnetism — Daily Movement of the North Magnetic Pole, Natural Resources Canada This effect is due to disturbances of the geomagnetic field by charged particles from the Sun.

{] takes place between Resolute Bay northern Canada and the 1996-certified location of the North Magnetic Pole at . On 25 July 2007, a Top Gear (current format) Polar Challenge Special was aired on BBC Two in the United Kingdom, in which two of the presenters became the first people in history to reach this location in an automobile.http://www.topgear.com/content/news/stories/2067/

Magnetic North and Magnetic Declination Main article: Magnetic declination. See also: Earth's magnetic field The direction in which a compass needle points is known as magnetic north. In general, this is not exactly the direction of the North Magnetic Pole (or of any other consistent location). Instead, the compass aligns itself to the local geomagnetic field, which varies in a complex manner over the Earth's surface, as well as over time. The angular difference between magnetic north and true north (defined in reference to the Geographic North Pole), at any particular location on the Earth's surface, is called the magnetic declination. Most map coordinate systems are based on true north, and magnetic declination is often shown on map legends so that the direction of true north can be determined from north as indicated by a compass.

Magnetic declination has been measured in many countries, including the U.S. The line of zero declination in the U.S. runs from the North Magnetic Pole through Lake Superior and across the western panhandle of Florida. Along this line, true north is the same as magnetic north. West of the line of zero declination, a compass will give a reading that is east of true north. Conversely, east of the line of zero declination, a compass reading will be west of true north.

Magnetic declination is still very important for certain types of navigation that have traditionally made heavy use of the magnetic compass; see the main article (Magnetic declination) for details.

North Geomagnetic Pole As a Orders of approximation, the Earth's magnetic field can be modelled as a simple dipole (like a bar magnet), tilted about 11° with respect to the Earth's rotation axis and centered at the Earth's centre. The residuals form the wiktionary:nondipole field. The North and South Geomagnetic Poles are the wiktionary:antipodal points where the axis of this theoretical dipole intersects the Earth's surface. If the Earth's magnetic field were a perfect dipole then the field lines would be vertical at the Geomagnetic Poles, and they would therefore coincide with the Magnetic Poles. However, the approximation is in fact far from perfect, so in reality the Magnetic and Geomagnetic Poles lie some distance apart.

Like the North Magnetic Pole, the North Geomagnetic Pole attracts the north pole of a bar magnet and so is in a physical sense actually a south magnetic pole. It is the centre of the region of the magnetosphere in which the Aurora Borealis can be seen. As of 2005 it was located at approximately , off the northwest coast of Greenland, Geomagnetic Field FAQ, National Geophysical Data Center website, retrieved May 2007 but it is now drifting away from North America and toward Siberia.

Geomagnetic reversal Over geological timescales, the orientation of Earth's magnetic field (and that of other planets) can flip over, so that magnetic north becomes magnetic south and vice versa – an event known as a geomagnetic reversal. The Earth's magnetic field has done this repeatedly throughout history. It is thought that reversals occur when the circulation of liquid nickel/iron in the Earth's outer core is disrupted and then reestablishes itself in the opposite direction. It is not known what causes these disruptions. Evidence of geomagnetic reversals can be seen at mid-ocean ridges where tectonic plates move apart and the sea bed is filled in with magma. As the magma seeps out of the Mantle (geology) the magnetic particles contained within it are oriented in the direction of the magnetic field at the time.

References

See also

External links

ru:Северный магнитный полюс



BBC NEWS | Science/Nature | Magnetic north pole drifting fast
The Earth's north magnetic pole is drifting away from North America so fast that it could end up in Siberia within 50 years.

North Magnetic Pole - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Earth's North Magnetic Pole is the wandering point on the Earth's surface at which the Earth's magnetic field points vertically downwards (i.e. the "dip" is 90

North Pole 2006 - Home
Celebrations at the Magnetic North Pole! Myself and the team, sponsored by GKN, arrived at the 1996 Magnetic North Pole at approximately 1600 on the 28th April and subsequently ...

Magnetic North Pole
Magnetic North Pole . Earth's magnetic north pole is where the magnetic field lines are oriented vertically and plunge into the surface of the Earth i.e. where the magnetic ...

Tracking The Magnetic North Pole
Tracking The Magnetic North Pole. During the sixteenth century, mariners believed that somewhere in the North was a magnetic mountain that was the source of attraction ...

North Pole - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The North Pole, also known as the Geographic North Pole or Terrestrial North Pole, is, subject to the caveats explained below, defined as the point in the northern hemisphere where ...

APOD: 2002 August 18 - Earth's North Magnetic Pole
Astronomy Picture of the Day . Discover the cosmos! Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a ...

TCM-Magnetic North Pole
Describes a trip to the magnetic north pole sponsored by the Children's Museum of Indianapolis. Includes science experiments and activities.

APOD: 2000 December 3 - Earth's North Magnetic Pole
Astronomy Picture of the Day . Discover the cosmos! Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a ...

North Pole 2006 - Race
The 2006 Polar Challenge. The Polar Challenge is a competitive, team race, in April 2006, to the 1996 location of the Magnetic North ...

 

Magnetic North Pole



 
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